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Burnout is a type of psychological stress. Occupational burnout or job burnout is characterized by exhaustion, lack of enthusiasm and motivation, feelings of ineffectiveness, and also may have the dimension of frustration or cynicism, and as a result reduced efficacy within the workplace. The term ''burnout'' in psychology was coined by Herbert Freudenberger in his 1974 ''Staff burnout'', presumably based on the 1960 novel ''A Burnt-Out Case'' by Graham Greene, which describes a protagonist suffering from burnout.〔''(Can’t Get No Satisfaction: In a culture where work can be a religion, burnout is its crisis of faith. )'' by Jennifer Senior, November 26, 2006, New York Magazine〕 More recently the term ''brownout'' has been used in the business world to describe a less serious version of ''burnout''. It refers to staff who are disengaged and demotivated in their job role. Occupational burnout is typically and particularly found within human service professions. Professions with high levels of burnout include social workers, nurses, teachers, lawyers, engineers, physicians, customer service representatives, and police officers.〔Jackson, S., Schwab, R., & Schuler, R. (1986, November). Toward an understanding of the burnout phenomenon. ''Journal of Applied Psychology'', 71(4), 630-640.〕 One reason why burnout is so prevalent within the human services field is due in part, to the high-stress work environment and emotional demands of the job.〔 Maslach and her colleague, Michael Leiter, defined the antithesis of burnout as engagement.〔Maslach, C. & Leiter, M.P. ''The truth about burnout''. New York. Jossey-Bass, 1997.〕 Engagement is characterized by energy, involvement and efficacy, the opposites of exhaustion, cynicism and inefficacy.〔 Bakker et al. (2014) in Burnout and Work Engagement: The JD–R Approach makes the same argument as Leiter. == Diagnosis == Burnout is not recognized as a distinct disorder in the DSM-5.〔Ulrich Kraft, "Burned Out", Scientific American Mind, June/July 2006 p. 28-33〕 However, it is included in the ICD-10,〔ICD-10: International Classification of Diseases. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2015.〕 and can be found under problems related to life-management difficulty (Z73). Social psychologists Christina Maslach and Susan Jackson developed the most widely used instrument for assessing burnout, namely, the Maslach Burnout Inventory. The Maslach Burnout Inventory operationalizes burnout as a three-dimensional syndrome made up of exhaustion, cynicism, and inefficacy.〔Maslach, C., Jackson, S.E, & Leiter, M.P. ''MBI: The Maslach Burnout Inventory: Manual''. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press, 1996.〕 Some researchers and practitioners have argued for an "exhaustion only" model that views that symptom as the hallmark of burnout.〔Shirom, A. & Melamed, S. ''Does burnout affect physical health? A review of the evidence''. In A. S. G. Antoniou & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), Research companion to organizational health psychology (pp. 599-622). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2005.〕 A growing body of evidence suggests that burnout is clinically and nosologically similar to depression.〔Ahola, K., Hakanen, J., Perhoniemi, R., & Mutanen, P. (2014). Relationship between burnout and depressive symptoms: A study using the person-centred approach. ''Burnout Research, 1''(1), 29-37.〕〔Bianchi, R., & Laurent, E. (in press). Emotional information processing in depression and burnout: An eye-tracking study. ''European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience.''〕〔Bianchi, R., Schonfeld, I. S., & Laurent, E. (2014). Is burnout a depressive disorder? A re-examination with special focus on atypical depression. ''International Journal of Stress Management, 21''(4), 307-324.〕〔Bianchi, R., Schonfeld, I. S., & Laurent, E. (in press). Is burnout separable from depression in cluster analysis? A longitudinal study. ''Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology.''〕〔Hintsa, T., Elovainio, M., Jokela, M., Ahola, K., Virtanen, M., & Pirkola, S. (in press). Is there an independent association between burnout and increased allostatic load? Testing the contribution of psychological distress and depression. ''Journal of Health Psychology''.〕 In a study that directly compared depressive symptoms in burned out workers and clinically depressed patients, no diagnostically significant differences were found between the two groups; burned out workers reported as many depressive symptoms as clinically depressed patients.〔Bianchi, R., Boffy, C., Hingray, C., Truchot, D., & Laurent, E. (2013). Comparative symptomatology of burnout and depression. ''Journal of Health Psychology, 18''(6), 782-787.〕 Moreover, a study by Bianchi, Schonfeld, and Laurent (2014) showed that about 90% of burned out workers meet diagnostic criteria for depression, suggesting that burnout may be a depressive syndrome rather than a distinct entity.〔 The view that burnout is a form of depression has found support in several recent studies.〔〔〔Hintsa, T., Elovainio, M., Jokela, M., Ahola, K., Virtanen, M., & Pirkola, S. (in press). Is there an independent association between burnout and increased allostatic load? Testing the contribution of psychological distress and depression. ''Journal of Health Psychology.''〕 The term "responder apathy syndrome" (RAS) refers to a controversial psychological diagnosis connected to occupational burnout that is not recognized by most physicians or psychologists.〔(4Responder Apathy Syndrome ). Retrieved November 4, 2011.〕 Originally developed to explain the apathy seen in paramedics and firefighters toward those calling for their help, the definition has generally been expanded to include nurses, respiratory therapists and other health care workers involved in direct patient care. Generally diagnosticians term the symptoms as generalized burnout and ignore the occupation specific burnout termed RAS. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Occupational burnout」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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